24 July 2023

Vieillissement et droit : perspectives internationales

Vieillissement et droit : perspectives internationales (France-Chine-Canada-Suisse)

sous la direction de Bénédicte Bévière-Boyer, (membre de notre Conseil Scientifique), Xin Chen, Bérengère Legros.

De nombreux pays sont confrontés au vieillissement de leur population ou le seront prochainement. La dépendance physique et/ou mentale engendre des besoins auxquels la société doit faire face. Les besoins sont devenus exponentiels car la temporalité de la dépendance s’est allongée considérablement en raison des progrès médicaux. La prise en charge du vieillissement et, plus précisément, l’articulation financière société-personne âgée deviennent un défi pour les politiques publiques. Parallèlement, la préservation des droits et des libertés de la personne âgée, quel que soit son lieu de vie, domicile ou structure d’hébergement, doit être assurée. Chaque société est ainsi confrontée à la nécessité d’élaborer une politique réfléchie et efficace autour de la prise en charge de la personne vieillissante, autant en termes de prévention, qu’en matière de soins, y compris de fin de vie. Tout l’enjeu est de préserver la qualité de vie, tout en respectant l’autonomie dans un contexte de vulnérabilité.
Les politiques publiques ont été mises à l’épreuve à l’occasion de la première vague de Covid-19, particulièrement dans les établissements d’hébergement pour personnes âgées dépendantes, mettant en lumière toute la fragilité de nos aînés, mais aussi des systèmes de prise en charge mis en place, présentant d’importantes limites. Est ainsi donnée, à travers des échanges universitaires internationaux, l’occasion d’être réactif et créatif pour offrir de nouvelles modalités plus protectrices et respectueuses de la dignité des personnes vieillissantes. La réunion de chercheurs des continents asiatique, européen et nord-américain a ainsi permis une réflexion commune sur ces thématiques lors des colloques organisés en 2018 en Chine, d’une part, celui intitulé « Vieillissement et droit », qui s’est tenu le 18 mai à l’université de Renmin de Chine et, d’autre part, celui intitulé « Vieillissement et politiques de santé publique », qui s’est déroulé le 21 mai à l’université de Jia Tong de Shanghai. Elle donne lieu à la publication de cet ouvrage en 2020, témoignant de l’actualité prégnante de la thématique du vieillissement et, plus que jamais, de la nécessité d’offrir des modalités renforcées de sécurisation dans une optique d’entraide et de bien-être intergénérationnel.

CFP: Sixth International Conference of the Mediterranean Maritime History Network (MMHN) - 27-31 May 2024

CFP: Sixth International Conference of the Mediterranean Maritime History Network (MMHN) - 27-31 May 2024, Institute for Mediterranean Studies (IMS), Rethymnon Centre of Maritime History [DEADLINE 15 OCT 2023]

(Source: MMHN)

The Centre of Maritime History in the Institute for Mediterranean Studies in Rethymnon announces the Sixth International Conference of the Mediterranean Maritime History Network (MMHN), which will take place at the Centre of Maritime History of the Institute for Mediterranean Studies in Rethymno from the 27th to the 31st of May 2024.

MMHN has a long tradition of bringing together scholars who study the maritime history of the Mediterranean Sea and its linkages to the world. We welcome papers that explore the relationship between humans and the sea in all its facets: on the sea (seamen, ships, navigation, sea trade, war, piracy); around the sea (maritime communities, islands, port cities, shipping, shipping-related, fishing and touristic businesses); in the sea (fishing, marine resources, environment); because of the sea (maritime transport systems and entrepreneurial networks, maritime empires, international and national maritime institutions and policy); and about the sea (the maritime culture and heritage, the ideology, the myths and poems of a sea, the impact of the sea on art).

If you are interested in participating, we kindly request that you submit a title and an abstract of no more than 300 words, accompanied by a brief biographical note of 200 words, no later than October 15th, 2023. If you would like to present a panel (3-4 speakers), please send the individual abstracts into one file, providing a title and an abstract for the panel topic of no more than 200 words.

Submissions in English or French are welcome and should be sent to organizer.mmhn@gmail.com.

For any further question, please contact us at: secretariat.mmhn@gmail.com

Is Artificial Intelligence Capable of Writing a Law Journal Article?

Roman M Yankovskiy

In this article, we explore the potential of artificial intelligence (AI), in particular, ChatGPT based on GPT 4.0 model, to create articles in the field of legal studies. We analyze the pros and cons of employing AI in jurisprudence, specifically focusing on its capacity to adapt to intricate legal terminology, evolving legislation, and nuanced argumentation. The primary emphasis is placed on potential inaccuracies that may emerge in AI-generated text, as well as the underlying causes and subsequent ramifications. Furthermore, we discuss the copyright implications for works created via AI and propose possible solutions. In conclusion, we outline the current limitations and future prospects for leveraging AI in both legal practice and scholarly research. A substantial portion of the article is entirely generated by AI.

The Rights of Women in Comparative Constitutional Law

The Rights of Women

in Comparative Constitutional Law

Edited By Irene Spigno, Valentina Rita Scotti, Janaína Lima Penalva da Silva

Through a comparative analysis involving 13 countries from Africa, America, Asia and Europe, this book provides an invaluable assessment of women’s equality at the global level.

The work focuses on formal constitutional provisions as well as the substantial level of protection women’s equality has achieved in the systems analysed. The investigations look at the relevant gender-related legislation, the participation of women in the institutional arena and the constitutional interpretation made by constitutional justice on gender issues. Furthermore, the book highlights women’s contributions in their roles as judges, parliamentarians, activists and academics, thus increasing the visibility of their participation in the public sphere.

The work will be of interest to academics, researchers and policy-makers working in the areas of Constitutional Law, Comparative Law, Human Rights Law and Women’s and Gender Studies.

Comparative Rights Vlog:Carla M. Reale – In(visible) bodies: disability, sexuality and fundamental rights

(In)visible bodies: disability, sexuality and fundamental rights

Carla M. Reale

The sexual sphere of people with disabilities is surrounded by stereotypes and misconceptions but it’s mostly absent from public debates and policies. Examining this topic through the category of fundamental rights implies the recognition of sexuality as a relevant component of humanity defined by the principles of equality, self-determination and the promotion of the person’s well-being. It means investigating the latest frontier of positive measures, unmasking the supposed neutrality of the law in the face of situations of injustice. This book explores some of the connected legal issues, such as sexual and reproductive health, forced sterilization, agency in the sexual sphere and sexual assistance. These questions are addressed from the perspective of comparative constitutional law, without forgetting the crucial role of international law. The book adopts an interdisciplinary approach, by creating a dialogue between legal knowledge and categories developed in social sciences, specifically sociology and political philosophy.

Carla Maria Reale is a post-doc researcher at University of Genoa within the H2020 project Gender-Ex. She obtained her PhD in Comparative Public Law from University of Trento in 2020. She is member of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Gender Studies of University of Trento and the BioLaw Research Group. Her research, rooted in comparative law and interdisciplinary, is mainly focused on gender, sexuality, disability and their relationship with the basic constitutional principles.

Slavery, Freedom Suits, and Legal Praxis in the Ottoman Empire, ca. 1590–1710

Slavery, Freedom Suits, and Legal Praxis in the Ottoman Empire, ca. 1590–1710
Joshua M. White

Beginning with the story of the Muslim youth Mehmed bin Abdülcelil of Tunis, this article examines the plight of Ottoman subjects abducted and sold into slavery within the Ottoman Empire and their efforts to regain freedom through Ottoman courts. Freedom suits (hürriyet davaları) were common in the seventeenth-century Ottoman Empire, so much so that contemporary legal praxis manuals (sukuk) always provided examples of how to document them, but they have never been systematically studied for this period in which slave ownership was extremely widespread and the legality of enslavement depended solely on religion and subjecthood. Drawing on a sample of seventy-nine suits from greater Istanbul and eleven sukuk manuscripts, this article considers how the trade in the illegally enslaved was concealed by the immense traffic in licit captives and how the theoretical protections of Ottoman subjecthood clashed with the practical challenges of how to prove it, exposing the gap between slavery as legal institution and slaving in practice. Whereas the vast majority of freedom suits ended in rulings in favor of the victims, most of the illegally enslaved probably never managed to have their cases heard or were turned away for lack of evidence.

Corbin on Contracts

CORBIN ON CONTRACTS, Vol. 1, Rel. 20S2

Volume 1 Summary of Contents

Comparative law - interview

Comparative Law

Professor Linda Mulcahy talks to Professor Matthew Dyson (Faculty of Law, University of Oxford) about doing comparative legal research.

Readings Recommended by Professor Matthew Dyson

Sacco, R. (1991), Legal Formants: A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law. 39(1) American Journal of Comparative Law 1.Samuel, G. (2009), Can legal reasoning be demystified?. 29 Legal Studies 181.Örücü, E. (2003), Comparatists and extraordinary places. In Legrand, P. & Munday, R. (eds.), Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions (CUP).Dyson, M. (2022), Explaining Tort and Crime (CUP).

Indigenizing Schools: Struggles of Native American and Indigenous Education

Dr. Farina King, University of Oklahoma

Dr. Kallie Kosc, Oklahoma State University

Jul 05–Jul 28, 2023

At the Newberry

The 2023 NCAIS Summer Institute focuses on Indigenous schooling experiences in Canada and the United States to understand power dynamics, especially in struggles over defining gender, race, and sovereignty, that have imbued education and affected Indigenous identities.

A New Legal Form for Social Enterprises in Asia

Ernest Lim

This Article argues that there should be a new legal form for social enterprises in Asia that takes into account the distinctive contexts within which different types of social enterprises operate in the different Asian jurisdictions.

In order to understand and evaluate social enterprise law, this Article advances an analytic framework consisting of

(i) corporate purpose;

(ii) directors’ duties;

(iii) decision-making powers;

(iv) reporting and certification; and

(v) distribution of dividends, assets, and tax benefits.

Using the four leading common law jurisdictions (Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and India) as a case study, the Article challenges the dominant assumption that the existing legal forms in Asia are adequate and appropriate to achieving the aims of social enterprises in Asia.

It also critiques the legal forms for social enterprises in the United Kingdom and the United States, and finds them unsuitable for adoption by the Asian jurisdictions.

Regulating Government AI and the Challenge of Sociotechnical Design

David Freeman Engstrom and Amit Haim

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming how governments work, from distribution of public benefits, to identifying enforcement targets, to meting out sanctions. But, given AI's twin capacity to cause and cure error, bias, and inequity, there is little consensus about how to regulate its use. This review advances debate by lifting up research at the intersection of computer science, organizational behavior, and law. First, pushing past the usual catalogs of algorithmic harms and benefits, we argue that what makes government AI most concerning is its steady advance into discretion-laden policy spaces where we have long tolerated less-than-full legal accountability. The challenge is how, but also whether, to fortify existing public law paradigms without hamstringing government or stymieing useful innovation. Second, we argue that sound regulation must connect emerging knowledge about internal agency practices in designing and implementing AI systems to longer-standing lessons about the limits of external legal constraints in inducing organizations to adopt desired practices. Meaningful accountability requires a more robust understanding of organizational behavior and law as AI permeates bureaucratic routines.

Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 19 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Whither Legitimacy? Legal Authority in the Twenty-First Century

Tom R. Tyler

My scholarly career has centered around articulating and testing a model of legitimacy-based law and governance. In recent decades, that model has achieved considerable success in shaping the way legal authority is understood and exercised. At the same time the legitimacy of legal, political, and social institutions and authorities has declined, raising questions about the future viability of a legitimacy-based model. In this review, I discuss the ascension and potential decline of legitimacy-based governance and outline alternative models of authority that may emerge in the twenty-first century. Three issues are addressed: whether there are ways to reinvigorate legitimacy-based law and governance; whether social norms, moral values, or ideologies are viable alternative forms of authority; and whether it is better to accept that no single form of authority works best in all situations and theories should focus on identifying the contingencies under which different forms of authority are most desirable.

AI and Global Governance: Modalities, Rationales, Tensions

Michael Veale, Kira Matus, Robert Gorwa

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a salient but polarizing issue of recent times. Actors around the world are engaged in building a governance regime around it. What exactly the “it” is that is being governed, how, by who, and why—these are all less clear. In this review, we attempt to shine some light on those questions, considering literature on AI, the governance of computing, and regulation and governance more broadly. We take critical stock of the different modalities of the global governance of AI that have been emerging, such as ethical councils, industry governance, contracts and licensing, standards, international agreements, and domestic legislation with extraterritorial impact. Considering these, we examine selected rationales and tensions that underpin them, drawing attention to the interests and ideas driving these different modalities. As these regimes become clearer and more stable, we urge those engaging with or studying the global governance of AI to constantly ask the important question of all global governance regimes: Who benefits?

How to Study Global Lawmaking: Lessons from Intellectual Property Rights and International Health Emergencies

Tatiana Andia and Nitsan Chorev

International agreements on Intellectual Property (IP) have proven to be a good example to study global lawmaking. Beginning by looking at the 1990s Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement and into the negotiation and implementation of regional and national trade agreements, this article reflects on the intricate relationship between international IP agreements and public health. The comprehensive analysis of these international rules and their effect provides valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between domestic and international factors in shaping health policies. Building upon the IP case, we categorize existing scholarship on global law-making into three methodological approaches: (a) methodological internationalism, (b) methodological nationalism, and (c) the interplay between domestic and international factors. We close with a call for researchers to advocate and integrate into their methods a co-constitutive approach that considers the simultaneous shaping of domestic and international elements.